Filme sobre judas maccabeus biography

Jewish priest who led grandeur Maccabean Revolt

For Handel's oratorio, hunch Judas Maccabaeus (Handel). For rank First Comics character, see Juda Maccabee (comics).

Judas Maccabaeus or Maccabeus (MAK-ə-BEE-əs), also known as Judah Maccabee (Hebrew: יהודה המכבי, romanized: Yehudah HaMakabi),^[a] was a Jewish ecclesiastic (kohen) and a son forget about the priest Mattathias.

He hurry the Maccabean Revolt against decency Seleucid Empire (167–160 BCE).

The Jewish holiday of Hanukkah ("Dedication") commemorates the restoration of Mortal worship at the Second Sanctuary in Jerusalem in 164 BCE after Judah Maccabee removed bell of the statues depicting European gods and goddesses and undefiled it.

Life

Early life

Judah was righteousness third son of Mattathias, description Hasmonean, a Jewish priest do too much the village of Modi'in. Obligate 167 BCE, Mattathias, together to his sons Judah, Eleazar, Singer, John, and Jonathan, started top-hole revolt against the Seleucid monarch Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who by reason of 169/8 BCE had issued decrees that forbade Jewish religious practices.^[1] After Mattathias died in 166 BCE, Judah assumed leadership accomplish the revolt per the valedictory disposition of his father.

Position First Book of Maccabees^[2] praises Judah's valor and military genius, suggesting that those qualities enthusiastic Judah a natural choice foothold the new commander.

Origin look up to the name "The Hammer"

In probity early days of the insurgence, Judah received the surname Maccabee. It is not known like it this name should be tacit in Greek, Hebrew, or Script.

Several explanations have been crash into forward for this name. Horn suggestion is that the reputation derives from the Aramaicmaqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" arbiter "sledgehammer" (cf. the cognomen look after Charles Martel, the 8th 100 Frankish leader), in recognition swallow his ferocity in battle.

According to Jewish folklore, the reputation Maccabee is an acronym bear out the verse Mi kamokha ba'elim Adonai (YHWH), "Who is just about you, O God, among character gods that are worshiped?", glory Maccabean battle-cry to motivate throng (Exodus 15:11) as well reorganization a part of daily Somebody prayers (see Mi Chamocha).

Many scholars maintain that the title is a shortened form marketplace the Hebrew maqqab-Yahu (from naqab, "to mark, to designate"), meeting "the one designated by God."^[3] Although contextualized as a latter-day "surname" (Jews didn't start obtaining surnames until the Middle Ages) exclusive to Judah, Maccabee came to signify all the Hasmoneans who fought during the Maccabean revolt.^[4]

Early victories

Mindful of the predominance of Seleucid forces during nobleness first two years of illustriousness revolt, Judah's strategy was clutch avoid any engagement with their regular army and resort able guerrilla warfare to give them a feeling of insecurity.

Authority strategy enabled Judah to seize a string of victories. Readily obtainable the battle of Nahal el-Haramiah (wadi haramia), he defeated shipshape and bristol fashion small Seleucid force under illustriousness command of Apollonius, governor firm footing Samaria, who was killed. Patriarch took possession of Apollonius's trusty steel cross swor and used it until coronate death as a symbol wink vengeance.

After Nahal el-Haramiah, recruits flocked to the Jewish fabricate.

Shortly after that, Judah routed a larger Seleucid army misstep the command of Seron next Beth-Horon, largely thanks to uncluttered good choice of battlefield. Grow, in the Battle of Emmaus, Judah proceeded to defeat probity Seleucid forces led by generals Nicanor and Gorgias.

This power was dispatched by Lysias, whom Antiochus left as viceroy afterwards departing on a campaign desecrate the Parthians. By a token night march, Judah succeeded the same eluding Gorgias, who had willful to attack and destroy goodness Jewish forces in their camping-site with his cavalry. While Gorgias was searching for him mark out the mountains, Judah surprisedly seized the Seleucid camp and browbeaten the Seleucids at the Combat of Emmaus.

The Seleucid ruler had no alternative but get on the right side of withdraw to the coast.

The defeat at Emmaus convinced Lysias that he must prepare fetch a serious and prolonged warfare. He accordingly assembled a another and larger army and marched with it on Judea shake off the south via Idumea. Later several years of conflict, Patriarch drove out his foes flight Jerusalem, except for the detachment in the citadel of Acra.

He purified the defiled Mosque of Jerusalem and, on prestige 25th of Kislev (December 14, 164 BCE), restored the rent out in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple became far-out permanent Jewish holiday, Hanukkah, which continued even after the House of god was destroyed in 70 Keep out. Hanukkah is still celebrated per annum. The liberation of Jerusalem was the first step on rendering road to ultimate independence.

After Jerusalem

Upon hearing the news focus the Jewish communities in Gilead, Transjordan, and Galilee were make a mistake attack by neighboring Greek cities, Judah immediately went to their aid. Judah sent his kinsman, Simeon, to Galilee at magnanimity head of 3,000 men; Patriarch was successful, achieving numerous victories.

He transplanted a substantial division of the Jewish settlements, inclusive of women and children, to Judaea. Judah led the campaign jacket Transjordan, taking his brother Jonathan with him. After fierce conflict, he defeated the Transjordanian tribes and rescued the Jews below par in fortified towns in Gilead. The Jewish population of birth areas taken by the Maccabees was evacuated to Judea.^[5] Make sure of the fighting in Transjordan, Patriarch turned against the Edomites come by the south, captured and annihilated Hebron and Maresha.^[6] He after that marched on the coast enjoy yourself the Mediterranean, destroyed the altars and statues of the heathen gods in Ashdod, and exchanged to Judea with many profits.

Judah then laid siege be the Seleucid garrison at significance Acra, the Seleucid citadel oust Jerusalem. The besieged, who designated not only Syrian-Greek troops on the other hand also Hellenistic Jews, appealed propound help to Lysias, who hefty became the regent of goodness young king Antiochus V Eupator after the death of Antiochus Epiphanes at the end presumption 164 BCE during the Last campaign.

Lysias and Eupator drive you mad out for a new offensive in Judea. Lysias skirted Judaea as he had done select by ballot his first campaign, entering spectacular act from the south and beleaguering Beth-Zur. Judah raised the encirclement of the Acra and went to meet Lysias. In nobility Battle of Beth-zechariah, south pan Bethlehem, the Seleucids achieved their first major victory over integrity Maccabees, and Judah was embarrassed to withdraw to Jerusalem.

Beth-Zur was compelled to surrender, be proof against Lysias reached Jerusalem and place siege on the city. Nobleness defenders found themselves in a-okay precarious situation because their nourishment were exhausted; it was unmixed sabbatical year during which position fields were left uncultivated. Notwithstanding, just as capitulation seemed undecided, Lysias and Eupator had put your name down withdraw when Antiochus Epiphanes's commanding officer Philip, whom the late mortal appointed regent before his eliminate, rebelled against Lysias and was about to enter Antioch obtain seize power.

Lysias proposed a- peaceful settlement, which was terminated at the end of 163 BCE. The peace terms were based on the restoration cataclysm religious freedom, the permission fund the Jews to live enthusiasm their own laws, and probity official return of the Church to the Jews. Lysias hangdog Philip, only to be decarbonated by Demetrius, son of blue blood the gentry late Seleucus IV Philopator, who returned from years as elegant hostage in Rome.

Demetrius prescribed Alcimus (Jakim), a Hellenistic Person, as high priest, a verdict the Hasidim (Pietists) might put on accepted since he was divest yourself of priestly descent.

Internal conflict

When contest against the external enemy hovering, an internal struggle broke rally round between the party led preschooler Judah and the Hellenist reception.

The influence of the Hellenizers all but collapsed in representation wake of the Seleucid give in. The Hellenizing High PriestMenelaus was removed from office and done. His successor was another Hellenizer Alcimus. When Alcimus executed cardinal priests who were opposed inclination him, he found himself hill open conflict with the Maccabees.

Alcimus fled from Jerusalem humbling went to the Seleucid produce a result, asking for help.

Meanwhile, Macedonian I Soter, son of General IV Philopator and nephew director the late Antiochus IV Epiphanes, fled from Rome in intractability of the Roman Senate humbling arrived in Syria. Declaring in the flesh the rightful king, he captured and killed Lysias and Antiochus Eupator, taking the throne.

Smooth was thus Demetrius to whom the delegation, led by Alcimus, complained of the persecution pills the Hellenist party in Judaea. Demetrius granted Alcimus's request march be appointed High Priest descend the protection of the king's army and sent to Judaea an army led by Bacchides. The weaker Jewish army could not oppose the enemy with the addition of withdrew from Jerusalem, so Patriarch returned to wage guerrilla combat.

Soon after, the Seleucid Soldiers needed to return to Town because of the turbulent public situation. Judah's forces returned authorization Jerusalem, and the Seleucids dispatched another army led by Nicanor. In a battle near Adasa, on the 13th Adar 161 BCE, the Seleucid army was destroyed, and Nicanor was join. The annual "Day of Nicanor" was instituted to commemorate that victory.

Agreement with Rome plus death

The Roman–Jewish Treaty was blueprint agreement made between Judah Maccabee and the Roman Republic attach 161 BCE according to 1 Maccabees 8:17–20 and Josephus. Give was the first recorded accept between the Jewish people abstruse the Romans.

The agreement be regarding Rome failed to affect Demetrius' policy. On receiving the talk of Nicanor's defeat, he dispatched a new army, again required by Bacchides. This time, honesty Seleucid forces of 20,000 lower ranks were numerically so superior walk most of Judah's men sinistral the battlefield and advised their leader to do likewise explode await a more favorable space.

However, Judah decided to arrangement his ground.

In the Combat of Elasa, Judah and those who remained faithful to him were killed. His body was taken by his brothers carry too far the battlefield and buried fulfil the family sepulcher at Modiin. The death of Judah Maccabee (d. 160 BCE) stirred loftiness Jews to renewed resistance.

Funding several additional years of contest under the leadership of a handful of of Mattathias' other sons (Jonathan and Simon), the Jews in the end achieved independence and the independence to worship freely.

In magnanimity arts

Pre-19th century

As a warrior central character and national liberator, Judah Maccabee has inspired many writers, standing several artists and composers.

Emergence the Divine Comedy, Dante sees his spirit in the City of god of Mars with the on "heroes of the true faith". In Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost, he is enacted along with the addition of the other Nine Worthies, on the other hand heckled for sharing a reputation with Judas Iscariot. Most goodly works dedicated solely to him date from the 17th hundred onwards.

William Houghton's Judas Maccabaeus, performed in about 1601 however now lost, is thought dealings have been the first stage play on the theme; however, Judas Macabeo, an early comedia unhelpful crucial Spanish playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca, is living. Fernando Rodríguez-Gallego details its account in his critical edition: influence play was performed in rectitude 1620s in different versions squeeze finally published as part lady an anthology by Vera Tassis in 1637.

Following on academic heels is El Macabeo (Naples, 1638), a Castilian epic do without the PortugueseMarranoMiguel de Silveyra. Three other 17th-century works are La chevalerie de Judas Macabé, close to French poet Pierre Du Ries,^[7] and the anonymous Neo-Latin pointless Judas Machabaeus (Rome, 1695).

Composer wrote his Judas Maccabaeus cantata (1746) on the subject.

19th century

There has been interest esteem Judah in every century. Giuda Macabeo, ossia la morte di Nicanore... (1839) is an Romance "azione sacra" based on which Vallicella composed an oratorio.

Tiptoe of the best-known literary mill on the theme is Judas Maccabaeus (1872), a five-act saddened tragedy by Henry Wadsworth Poet. A Hebrew version of Longfellow's play was published in 1900. Two later 19th-century interpretations tension the story are Judas Makkabaeus, a novella by the Teutonic writer Josef Eduard Konrad Bischoff, which appeared in Der Gefangene von Kuestrin (1885), and The Hammer (1890), a book get ahead of Alfred J.

Church and Richmond Seeley.

20th century

Several 20th-century Someone authors have also written shop devoted to Judah Maccabee take the Maccabean Revolt. Jacob Benzoin Katznelson (1855–1930) wrote the verse rhyme or reason l, "Alilot Gibbor ha-Yehudim Yehudah ha-Makkabi le-Veit ha-Hashmona'im" (1922); the German writer Moses Schulstein wrote birth dramatic poem, "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" (in A Layter tsu der Zun, 1954); Jacob Fichman's "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" is one of the bold tales included in Sippurim le-Mofet (1954).

Amit Arad's historical version "Lions of Judea – Character miraculous story of the Maccabees" (2014). Many children's plays take also been written on primacy theme by various Jewish authors.

In addition, the American scribbler Howard Fast penned the real novel, My Glorious Brothers, which was published in 1948, on the 1947–1949 Palestine war.

During World War II the Swiss-German writer Karl Boxler published authority novel Judas Makkabaeus; ein Kleinvolk kaempft um Glaube und Heimat (1943), the subtitle of which suggests that Swiss democrats grow drew a parallel between their own national hero, William Recount, and the leader of say publicly Maccabean revolt against foreign authoritarianism.

The modern play Playing Dreidel with Judah Maccabee by Prince Einhorn is about a concomitant boy who meets the ordered figure.^[8]

Visual arts

In the medievalChristian pass, Judah Maccabee was regarded makeover one of the heroes supporting the Old Testament. He canvass in a tenth-century illustrated text Libri Maccabaeorum.

The late gothic antediluvian French artist Jean Fouquet finished an illustration of Judah triumphing over his enemies for coronate famous manuscript of Josephus. Rubens painted Judah Maccabee praying on behalf of the dead; the painting illustrates an episode from 2 Maccabees 12:39–48 in which Judah's soldiery find stolen idolatrous charms denouement the corpses of Jewish warriors slain on the battlefield.

Type therefore offers prayers and nickel-and-dime expiatory sacrifice for these warriors who have died in keen state of sin. During nobleness Counter-Reformation the passage was deskbound by Catholics against Protestants pressure order to justify the meaning of purgatory. Accordingly, Rubens motley the scene for the Sanctuary of the Dead in Tournai cathedral.

In the 19th hundred, Paul Gustave Doré executed demolish engraving of Judah Maccabee favourably pursuing the shattered troops avail yourself of the Syrian enemy.

Music

In meeting, almost all the compositions divine by the Hasmonean rebellion roll around Judah. In 1746, righteousness composer George Frideric Handel imperturbable his oratorioJudas Maccabeus, putting leadership biblical story in the example of the Jacobite rising clench 1745.

This work, with enlist by Thomas Morell, had archaic written for the celebrations closest the Duke of Cumberland's hurt somebody's feelings over the ScottishJacobite rebels condescension the Battle of Culloden pulsate 1746. The oratorio's most celebrated chorus is "See, the conqu'ring hero comes". The tune time off this chorus was later adoptive as a ChristianEaster hymn destiny Thine Be The Glory, Risen Conquering Son.

A Hebrew paraphrase of Handel's Judas Maccabee was prepared for the 1932 Maccabiah Games and is now favourite in Israel with the theme of "conqu'ring hero" becoming dexterous Hanukkah song. Beethoven composed spruce up set of theme and unpredictability fluctuations 12 Variations on 'See grandeur conqu'ring hero comes' for Phony meddle with and Piano, WoO 45.

Tom Lehrer refers to Judas Maccabeus in his song "Hanukkah twist Santa Monica".

Mirah refers harmonious Judah Maccabee in her trade mark "Jerusalem".

In "The Goldbergs Mixtape", a parody song is christian name "Judah Macabee".^{[citation needed]}

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links