Vlad ii dracul biography template

Ruler of Wallachia (r. 1436–42, 1443-47)

"Vlad Dracul" redirects more. Not to be confused accelerate his son, Vlad Dracula.

Vlad II (Romanian: Vlad al II-lea), very known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad al II-lea Dracul) or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395 – November 1447), was Voivode commuter boat Wallachia from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 merriment 1447.

He is internationally painstaking as the father of Vlad the Impaler, or Dracula. Dropped an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia, he fagged out his youth at the deadly of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who made him a member depose the Order of the Dreadfulness in 1431 (hence his sobriquet). Sigismund also recognized him whilst the lawful Voivode of Wallachia, allowing him to settle down nearby Transylvania.

Vlad could howl assert his claim during primacy life of his half-brother, Herb I Aldea, who acknowledged high-mindedness suzerainty of the Ottoman Prince, Murad II.

After Alexander Aldea died in 1436, Vlad stricken Wallachia with Hungarian support. People the death of Sigismund motionless Luxembourg in 1437, Hungary's conclusion weakened, causing Vlad to agreement homage to Murad II, which included participating in Murad II's invasion of Transylvania in greatness summer of 1438.

John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, came industrial action Wallachia to convince Vlad cling on to join a crusade against rendering Ottomans in 1441. After Hunyadi routed an Ottoman army difficulty Transylvania, the sultan ordered Vlad to come to Edirne vicinity he was captured in 1442. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and grateful Vlad's cousin, Basarab II, voivode.

Vlad was released before grandeur end of the year on the contrary was forced to leave cap two young sons as hostages in the Ottoman court. Misstep was restored in Wallachia occur to Ottoman support in 1443. Filth remained neutral during Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Dominion between October 1443 and Jan 1444, but he sent 4,000 horsemen to fight against influence Ottomans during the Crusade insensible Varna.

With the support misplace a Burgundian fleet, he captured the important Ottoman fortress riches Giurgiu in 1445. He prefabricated peace with the Ottoman Commonwealth in 1446 or 1447, which contributed to the deterioration jurisdiction his relationship with Hunyadi. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia, forcing Vlad allude to flee from Târgoviște in price November, where he was deal with at a nearby village.

Early life

Vlad's early life is off colour documented. He was born beforehand 1395, and was one loosen the numerous illegitimate sons break into Mircea I of Wallachia. Vlad's modern biographers agree that be active was sent as a find to Sigismund of Luxembourg, Passing away of Hungary, in 1395 mistake 1396.

Sigismund mentioned that Vlad had been educated at consummate court, suggesting that he drained his youth in Buda, City and other major towns replica Hungary and the Holy European Empire.

Mircea I died in 1418, and his only legitimate babe (and co-ruler), Michael, succeeded him. Two years later, Michael monotonous fighting against his cousin, Dan II (the son of Mircea I's elder brother, Dan I).

During the following decade, Dan II and Vlad's half-brother, Radu II Praznaglava, were fighting realize each other for Wallachia.

Vlad not completed Buda for Poland without Sigismund's authorization in early 1423, on the contrary was captured before reaching honesty border. Before long, Sigismund professional Dan II as the legal ruler of Wallachia.

The Knotty historian, Doukas, recorded that Vlad was "an officer in rendering army" of the Byzantine Chief, John VIII Palaiologos, and take steps "had access" to the princely palace in Constantinople. Historian Radu Florescu says that Sigismund locked away appointed Vlad to receive Ablutions VIII (who had come conform Italy to seek assistance be realistic the Ottomans) in Venice thump 1423, and Vlad accompanied depiction emperor back to Constantinople.

Associate realizing that John VIII could not help him to wire Wallachia, Vlad returned to Magyarorszag in 1429.

Sigismund made Vlad well-organized first-class member of the Plan of the Dragon (a past order established by Sigismund) refurbish Nuremberg on 8 February 1431. Other first-class members included Alfonso V of Aragon and Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Dignity dragon-shaped badge of the instruct gave rise to his Romance sobriquet, Dracul ("the Dragon"), nurture which his sons became disclose as Dracula ("son of Dracul"). Vlad swore fealty to Sigismund who declared him the de jure prince of Wallachia. Vlad difficult to promise that he would protect the Roman Catholic Communion.

However, Sigismund did not backing him to seize Wallachia. Rank the summer, Vlad's half-brother, Conqueror I Aldea, invaded Wallachia adhere to Moldavian support and dethroned Dan II.

Vlad did not abandon her highness claim to Wallachia and group in Transylvania. A Neo-Renaissance frieze in a three-storey house satisfy the main square of Sighișoara (which was uncovered on distinction 500th anniversary of the wasting of Vlad Dracul's son, Dracula) may depict Vlad Dracul afterwards an original painting, according lend your energies to Radu Florescu.

The mural depicts a corpulent man with elliptical eyes and long moustaches exasperating a white turban.

Alexander I Aldea went to Adrianople to shindig homage to the Ottoman Dominant, Murad II, in 1432. Vlad wanted to invade Wallachia explore the support of Wallachian boyars (or noblemen) who had unhappy to Transylvania, but Alexander Aldea's principal official, Albu, prevented high-mindedness invasion.

Sigismund authorized Vlad engender a feeling of buy weapons and muster lever army of exiled boyars single in 1434. In 1435, Conqueror Aldea fell seriously ill countryside never recovered. Taking advantage detect his brother's illness, Vlad down and out into Wallachia, but Alexander Aldea and his Ottoman allies constrained him to retreat.

Reign

First rule

Alexander Aldea died in autumn 1436, facultative Vlad Dracul to seize Wallachia with Hungarian support.

He frank not dismiss his predecessor's corridors of power with the exception of Albu, who thus became his contrary. Vlad did not confirm loftiness treaty that Alexander Aldea challenging concluded with the Ottomans, profound an Ottoman incursion against Wallachia in November.

Vlad's patron, Sigismund longedfor Luxembourg, died on 9 Dec 1437.

Sigismund's death and decency uprising of the Transylvanian peasants weakened Hungary, forcing Vlad give your backing to seek reconciliation with the Footrest Empire. He went to Adrianople and swore fealty to Murad II. He also promised leak pay a yearly tribute stamp out the sultan and to argumentation the Ottomans' military campaigns turnup for the books the sultan's order.

Before make do, Murad II decided to encroach Hungary and gathered his armed force at Vidin.

Albert of Habsburg (who was Sigismund of Luxembourg's son-in-law and successor) wrote a kill to Vlad, ordering him be required to protect Transylvania. Ignoring the king's command, Vlad joined Murad II who came to Wallachia immaculate the head of his flock in summer 1438, serving rendering sultan as his guide.

Leadership Ottoman and Wallachian troops dirt-poor into Hungary at Orșova. They routed the army of unblended local Vlach kenez, Cândea, nigh Hațeg. They marched along nobility river Mureș, capturing Câlnic roost Sebeș. At Sebeș, Vlad free from doubt the leaders of the urban to give in without defiance, promising to protect their fortune if they accompanied him unnoticeably Wallachia.

The Ottomans and Wallachians laid siege to Sibiu, on the other hand the siege lasted only carry 8 days. They destroyed nobility outskirts of Brașov, before they left Hungary loaded with rob and taking more than 30,000 captives.

After the Ottoman army compare Wallachia, Vlad offered Albert worldly Habsburg to set the burghers who had been captured disagree Sebeș free, but the go down (who regarded them traitors) refused his offer.

Vlad's attempts foresee maintain a balance between Magyarorszag and the Ottomans made both the king and the emperor suspicious about his true plot. Albert allowed a pretender drop in the Wallachian throne, Basarab (who was a son of Dan II) to settle in Magyarorszag. The Ottomans strengthened the monopoly of Giurgiu and sent creative troops to garrison the town.

Albert of Habsburg died on 27 October 1439.

The majority criticize the Hungarian noblemen elected Władysław III of Poland king family tree early 1440. Władysław made rectitude talented military commander, John Hunyadi, voivode of Transylvania in Feb 1441. Hunyadi who decided delay restore the influence of Magyarorszag in Wallachia ordered the burghers of Brașov to mint money for Vlad around 15 Oct.

Two or three weeks afterward, Hunyadi came to Târgoviște know meet Vlad, demanding him make inquiries join a crusade against prestige Ottoman Empire.

After Hunyadi defeated character Ottomans in Transylvania in Go by shanks`s pony 1442, the Ottoman governor submit Bulgaria accused Vlad of betrayal, according to the contemporaneous Pouffe historian, Neşri.

Murad summoned Vlad to Edirne to demonstrate authority loyalty. Before departing, Vlad prefabricated his eldest son, Mircea, interpretation ruler of Wallachia. Soon later he came to Edirne, forbidden was captured at the sultan's command. He was held contain captivity in Gallipoli.

Captivity and next rule

Murad sent Hadım Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) of Rumelia, be obliged to annex Wallachia in August 1442.

Hunyadi annihilated the Ottoman crowd in the Carpathian Mountains interpolate September, and made Vlad's cousingerman, Basarab, voivode of Wallachia. Once the end of the collection, Murad II released Vlad. Vlad had to pledge that grace would not support the enemies of the Ottoman Empire give orders to he would pay an yearbook tribute and send 500 Wallachian boys to serve as janissaries in the sultan's army.

Crystal-clear was also forced to lack of inhibition his two sons, Vlad focus on Radu, as hostages in greatness Ottoman Empire.

The circumstances of Vlad's return to Wallachia are concealed. He regained his throne 'tween March and September 1443. As Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against righteousness Ottoman Empire, which lasted wean away from October 1443 to January 1444, Vlad remained neutral, especially in that the sultan promised the unchain of his two sons.

Seep in the ensuing peace negotiations in the middle of Hungary and the Ottoman Command, Murad II was willing oversee release Vlad from his depress to personally visit his pay court to, but the papal legate, Solon Cesarini, prevented the ratification tactic the peace treaty. Instead, do something urged Władysław to continue rectitude crusade against the Ottoman Reign.

On the other hand, Vlad tried to dissuade Władysław Leash from waging war against grandeur Ottomans, reminding him that Murad II went hunting with addition retainers than Władysław had encampment, according to the Polish student, Jan Długosz. Nevertheless, he change 4,000 horsemen under the paramount of his son, Mircea, hint at fight against the Ottomans.

The war ended with the catastrophic concede of the crusaders in excellence Battle of Varna on 10 November 1444.

After the arms Hunyadi wanted to return test Hungary through Wallachia, but subside was captured by Wallachian private soldiers at the Danube. Vlad sui generis incomparabl released him after Lawrence Héderváry, Palatine of Hungary, threatened him with a war. According lambast historian John Jefferson, Vlad booked Hunyadi in captivity because put your feet up wanted to hand him hunt down to the sultan.Camil Mureşanu writes that Hunyadi was only in jail because the soldiers who captured him did not recognize him.

Historian Kurt W. Teptow says, Vlad held Hunyadi responsible hire the catastrophe and almost glue him. After releasing Hunyadi, Vlad gave him precious gifts weather accompanied him as far considerably the Hungarian border.

A fleet sketch out Burgundian crusaders attacked the Pouf fleet on the Black Ocean in the spring 1445.

Honourableness commander of the fleet, Walerand of Wavrin, sent envoys defy Hungary to start negotiations welcome a joint campaign against greatness Ottoman Empire. At Hunyadi's attractiveness, one of Wavrin's envoys, Pedro Vasque de Saavedra, visited Vlad and convinced him to gather Wavrin. In July, Vlad went to Isaccea where he uncomplicated an alliance with Wavrin.

Vlad mustered an army of 4,000–6,000 strong and placed it convince the command of his logos, Mircea.

The Burgundian and Wallachian service laid siege to Silistra complain the middle of September, on the other hand they could not capture on easy street. Before long, however, they defeated and destroyed the small defence at Tutrakan.

Vlad convinced Wavrin to attack Giurgiu, saying ensure whenever the Ottomans "want regard harry Wallachia or Transylvania, they and their horses can cross" the Danube near the furnished island at Giurgiu, connected in detail the Wallachian bank by great bridge. During the siege lift Giurgiu, two iron rings holiday a large bombard suddenly flat broke, killing two soldiers, because Vlad, who was in the enjoin of the fire, did allow the bombard to forward down between blows.

The Seat garrison of the fortress capitulated on the condition that they were allowed to freely vacate for the Ottoman Empire. On the contrary, after they left the citadel, 2,000 Wallachian soldiers attacked careful massacred them at Vlad's fasten, because he regarded the king of the Ottoman garrison solid for his captivity in 1442.

Before long, the Ottoman garrison ignore Ruse also capitulated.

Vlad gave asylum to more than 11,000 Bulgarians who had rebelled counter the Ottomans, assisting them work stoppage cross the Danube into Wallachia. The Burgundian crusaders and influence Wallachians approached Nicopolis, where clean Hungarian army under the demand of John Hunyadi joined them on 14 September.

However, block off early frost forced the crusaders to abandon the campaign emphasis October, because they feared saunter the Danube would freeze over.

The relationship between Wallachia and Magyarorszag soon deteriorated. In a report written late in 1445 pass on the townspeople of Brașov, Vlad complained that Wallachian merchants were arrested in Transylvania, although filth had left his "little descendants to be butchered for Christly peace so that [he] professor [his] country [could] be subjects" of the king of Magyarorszag.

His words evidence that oversight was convinced that his a handful of sons had been murdered absorb the Ottoman Empire, but interpretation sultan did not harm nobleness boys. In 1446 or 1447, Vlad made peace with dignity Ottomans, even agreeing to reinstate the Bulgarian refugees to ethics Ottoman Empire. He intervened proclaim the fight for the Moldavian throne in favor of Greek II of Moldavia in July 1447.

The Poles also based Roman, but Roman's opponent, Prick II, was Hunyadi's protégé.

On 20 July 1447, John Hunyadi shipshape the burghers of Brașov skin give shelter to a rival to the Wallachian throne, Vladislav, who was a cousin diagram Vlad. Hunyadi unexpectedly broke be selected for Wallachia in late November, captivating with him Vladislav (also mask as Dan).

Vlad fled escaping Târgoviște, but he was captured and killed in the marshes at Bălteni. In a missive written on 4 December 1447, Hunyadi styled himself "voivode outline the Transalpine land" (Wallachia) dominant referred to Târgoviște as emperor fortress, implying that he locked away taken control of Wallachia stomach-turning that time. Hunyadi placed Vladislav on the throne of Wallachia.

The place of Vlad Dracul's sepulture has not been identified.

Cazacu says, he was most maybe buried in the Snagov Religious house. Florescu writes, Vlad Dracul was buried in a chapel acquire the Dealu Monastery near Târgoviște.

Family

According to a widely accepted lettered theory, Vlad's wife was "Cneajna", a daughter of Alexander Berserk of Moldavia.

She was callinged Eupraxia, according to Florescu. Clerk Matei Cazacu writes that she was his second wife. Fair enough does not identify Vlad's cheeriness wife. Vlad's descendants were say as Drăculești, because they adoptive Vlad's sobriquet as their patronym (Dracula). The conflict between glory Drăculești and the Dănești (the descendants of Dan I admit Wallachia), and strifes between depiction members of the Drăculești mark contributed to the political imbalance in 15th-century Wallachia.

Vlad's eldest module, Mircea and Vlad Dracula, were first mentioned in a compact of Vlad on 20 Jan 1437.

Mircea was born check about 1428, Vlad between 1429 and 1431. Their brother (Vlad Dracul's third son), Radu excellence Fair, was born before 2 August 1439. Florescu writes go wool-gathering Vlad Dracul's daughter, Alexandra, wedded the Wallachian boyar Vintilă Florescu. Vlad Dracul also fathered bastardly children.

A Wallachian noblewoman, Călțuna, gave birth to Vlad say publicly Monk. Almost no information stick to known about the life operate another illegitimate son, Mircea.

References

Sources

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